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The purpose of forensic police laboratories throughout the world is to carry out all the inspections, material testing, investigations, quality control and analyses of scientific and technical natures that are required by judicial authorities or police services for the confirmation of crime and perpetrator identification.
Main Forensic Police Areas
• FORENSIC BALLISTICS
• CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• DNA-BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• FORENSIC ACOUSTICS
• DACTYLOSCOPY AND POLICE RECORDS
• DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
• VISUAL INSPECTIONS
In the previous areas and depending on the specific requirements and needs of your country, you can also incorporate other areas of investigation, such as:
• FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
• COMMUNICATIONS
• POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
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The area of forensic ballistics is, concerned with scientific examination, comparison and identification of firearms and evidence of crimes committed with them and specifically:
• Firearm operational examination
• Studies of firearms and ballistic elements that have been tampered with and manipulated.
• Firearm identification through microscopic examination.
• Studies of tools, forced locks, car registration plates, die-stamps, clothes damaged by firearms and knife-like weapons, etc.
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This section performs studies and analysis of chemical evidence on the various types of substrates relating to the different fields in forensic chemistry, such as:
- General chemistry: Gunpowder and explosives, fires, floors, flora and fauna, water, food and glass
etc.
- Toxicological chemistry: Narcotics, amphetamines, design drugs, drugs, blood alcohol levels, organic
and inorganic toxics.
- Criminology chemistry: Paints, fibres, shot residue, inks and papers, trademark fraud. |
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This section performs analysis on any biological remains, mainly on blood, blood stains, semen, cellular remains in saliva, fibre and hair, bone remains, tissue and nail samples and nasal secretions etc
The DNA techniques (DNA polymorphism) use, added to specific databases creation, converts this area in
one of the most advanced and powerful criminal investigation method.
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The function of Forensic Acoustics is to develop all those tasks relating to the capture and analysis of sound that can provide evidence of crimes. This is one of the most complex forensic police fields.
Among the studies it performs we can list:
• Speaker identification studies
• Sound recorder manipulation, processing and editing.
• Voice passport studies: starting with a spoken recording identity features are established (age and sex etc), the speaker’s geographic area, social level, emotion, conduct, pathologic and toxicological etc.
• Recording source identification
• Voice recognition wheels
• Non-voice, sound and background noise recording studies
• Shot acoustics, determination of the firearm used.
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Dactyloscopy is the procedure of personal identification based on the study and examination of the patterns that form arches, loops and whorls on the fingertips (dactyloscopy), the palms of the hands (chiroscopy) and the soles of the feet (pelmatoscopy), as the method.
Dactyloscopy applications:
• In the recording of suspects
• In visual examinations at the crime scene, with the collection of fingerprints, palm-prints and footprints,samples of blood, semen and other liquids, cigarette ends, spent cartridge cases, spent rounds, remains of explosives and plaster casts etc.
• In the identification of dead bodies
• Issue of reports on fingerprints, palm-prints and footprints and the identification of the person/s they belong to.
• Issue of reports on footprints and identification of the footwear that produced them.
• Preparation of reports on any other types of traces (lips and gloves etc).
• Preparation of reports on fingerprints on documents to check the identity.
• Preparation of reports on studies into physiognomy in order to identify persons.
• Production of identikit pictures
• Crime scene diagrams for subsequent production of drawings.
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The purpose of this subspeciality, within the forensic police area, is to determine the authenticity of the false manipulation of one document, detecting the falseness or alterations made to authentic documents, establishing the authorship of signatures or handwriting when doubt is cast on their origin, directing the police investigations, advising judicial or police authorities in aspects relating to these matters and the preparation of expert reports that can be provided as proof in the judicial process. The use of comparison video spectra can provide excellent results in discovering accusing evidence.
The following studies are performed in this section:
• False documentation: identity documentation, passports, credit cards, banknotes, lottery tickets and games of chance, stamps, bank cheques and notes, typed and printed documents, trademark falsification, together with documentation relating to vehicles and transports etc.
• Writing identification (graphoscope): Identification of signature and text authors and the falsification of signatures on works of art.
• Physical processing techniques for the identification of false documents.
• Techniques of identifying deed perforation.
• Ink identification techniques using chromatograph systems.
• Photographic reproduction of ink excitation on documents (UV and visible light system).
• Image superposition in documentation examination comparison techniques.
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This section is responsible for:
• Checking the reality of the offence in cases of terrorism, crimes, reconstruction of the facts,
fires, explosions and events etc.
• Discover those responsible and provide the corresponding evidence.
• Serve as a base for their operational investigation. |
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